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INTRODUCTION
The library has turn out to be “a spot entrusted with the acquisition, group, preservation, storage, retrieval and dissemination of data in no matter format it would seem” (Olanlokun and Salisu 1993, ix). West Africa Theological Seminary Library is on the crossroad. The normal library practices and trendy technological advances should be developed and embraced whether it is to be related on this data age. It’s a very excessive worth which should be paid in any other case the library will finally turn out to be just like the legendary character who slept for twenty years at Gasgill Mountain in Gulliver’s Travels and finally woke as much as discover the world utterly modified.
BRIEF HISTORY OF WEST AFRICA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY
The historical past of the above seminary may very well be realistically traced to the historic visitation by two American missionaries (Rev. Dr. and Rev. Mrs. Gary Maxey) who led a gaggle of Nigerian and expatriate Christians to Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria in April 1989. (The Maxeys had initially labored creditably in non secular schooling in Port Harcourt for seven years). The institution of the seminary in 1989 was a sensible demonstration of the necessity to actively take part within the coaching of pastors, evangelists, missionaries and academics not solely in Nigeria but in addition in different components of the continent and the west. Presently, the seminary is the biggest non-denominational evangelical holiness seminary in Nigeria that has attracted college students from a broad spectrum of Nigerian Christian denominations, (and) ethnic teams. Throughout a lately accomplished semester, WATS has college students from thirty of Nigeria’s states, from over forty language teams, from (a number of) different African international locations, and from properly over eighty completely different church teams (West Africa Theological Seminary Prospectus 2004, 5).
The identify of the seminary was modified from Wesley Worldwide Theological Seminary to West Africa Theological Seminary on 1 June 2001, the identical 12 months it relocated to 35/37 MM Worldwide Airport Highway, Lagos, Nigeria. The establishment is affiliated to the College of Nsukka, Nigeria and presently presents a number of applications of research together with : Bachelor of Arts in Non secular Research, Bachelor of Arts in Theology, Diploma in Theology, Certificates in Laptop Research, Diploma in Laptop Research, M.A. in Biblical Research, Grasp of Divinity, M.A. in Christian Management and M.A. in Intercultural Research. The seminary began publishing the West Africa Theological Seminary Journal in 2002.
One of many rapid plans of the seminary is to automate its library assortment. An important side is to establish software program that may have the ability to meet the wants of the seminary. In deciding on software program, the seminary should suppose by way of networking and keep in mind that automation programmes usually require annual help charges.
WEST AFRICA THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY LIBRARY
It’s a truism that “the library is the nerve middle of academic establishments” (Olanlokun and Salisu 1993, vii) and West Africa Theological Seminary Library is not any exception. This library makes use of the second version of the Anglo American Cataloguing Guidelines (AACR2) and the 20 th version of Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC 20). The cardboard catalog is split, “a file of authors and titles saved in a single alphabetical order and a file of topic playing cards in alphabetical order” (Newhall 1970, 38) and the submitting system is letter by letter, a system wherein “entries are filed with out contemplating the areas between phrases” (Nwosu 2000, 61). There’s a ebook catalog, which comprises the initiatives (undergraduate and graduate) submitted by college students of the seminary and a few members of employees who studied in different establishments.
In 2003 the library benefited from a subscription paid by Asbury Theological Seminary to make use of the ATLA (American Theological Library Affiliation) Database on CD Rom. This can be a complete software designed to help non secular schooling and college analysis. The library serves college students, educational and administrative employees of the seminary and exterior customers (educational employees and college students from different theological establishments).
Different related data embrace:
OPENING HOURS:
A. Throughout time period: Mondays to Saturdays: 9:00 a.m. ? 10:30 p.m.
B. Vacation: Mondays to Fridays: 9:00 a.m. ? 9:00 p.m.
NO OF BOOKS: 36,500
NO OF journal titles: 98
NO. OF VIDEO AND AUDIO CASSETTES: 114
PHOTOCOPYING MACHINE: 1
THE BOOK CATALOG: Tasks (each card and ebook catalog)
NO. OF REFERENCE MATERIALS: 1,722
LIBRARY STAFF
With the exclusion of the presenter, WATS library is presently manned by seventeen members of employees, 9 of whom are scholar staff. These scholar staff largely work within the evenings, manning the safety and circulation desks (though no exterior borrowing is finished throughout this era). As well as, they clear they library.
CHALLENGES
1. Coaching and recruiting skilled librarians
9 out of the seventeen members of employees are scholar staff who use this chance to lift a good portion of their charges and, in some circumstances, some additional funds to keep up themselves as they pursue their theological research. The presenter is unaware of any who has expressed curiosity within the library occupation. Providers rendered can’t be classed as skilled. Sadly, solely two of the common members of employees have accomplished some type of library coaching on the senior supporting degree. The implication is that the library is significantly in want {of professional} librarians in any other case it will proceed to run sub-standard companies. An irksome dimension is that typically, junior members of employees who’re within the majority “are allowed to do skilled duties within the absence of the best cadre who ought to do them” (Nwosu 2000, 103).
The cardboard catalog as an example will likely be used to exhibit the impact the paucity or lack {of professional} librarians is having on the library assortment.
The commonest type of library catalog in West Africa is the cardboard catalog and “there’s want for (one) to know the design of the system to have the ability to use it successfully” (Nwosu 2000, 57). A problem for the library is to keep up a constant submitting rule. Though WATS library operates the system often called the “letter-by-letter” or “all-through” technique, there are evidences of the opposite technique, that’s the “word-by-word” or “nothing earlier than one thing”. The previous is the widespread strategy to alphabetization, the place B should at all times come earlier than C. Within the latter, the house between phrases is taken under consideration because the focus is on every phrase. When it will get to the flip of the phrase within the alphabetic sequence, all its associates are thought-about alongside.
Marrying the 2 strategies of submitting or alphabetization could value one the knowledge that’s wanted.
One other downside is misapplication of the submitting guidelines. The American Library Affiliation Code (Rule 6) stipulates that “abbreviated phrases needs to be filed as in the event that they have been spelled out in full, with one exception, that’s, the abbreviation Mrs. St. is due to this fact filed as if it have been spelled Saint, and Mc… as Mac” (Harrison and Beenham 1985, 82). The above rule is sadly misapplied in WATS library. If the rule shouldn’t be considered, the phrase scan will likely be filed earlier than St. when it needs to be the opposite method spherical. In the identical method, the Dr. (physician) may even be filed earlier than down and never the opposite method spherical.
A 3rd subject in submitting (Rule 5) states that initials needs to be filed earlier than phrases. (Nevertheless, acronyms are handled as phrases, for instance UNICEF, UNESCO, ECOWAS and so on.) There are cases within the WATS catalog that this rule shouldn’t be considered. A phrase like Aaron erroneously comes earlier than A.G.M and A.L.A.
It’s horrifying that there isn’t a clear room for upward mobility of library employees. Within the absence of knowledgeable scheme of service or promotion pointers, members of employees have labored in a single place since they acquired their appointment letters.
2. Computerizing the library
Some libraries in Nigeria have automated their companies. Examples embrace the Institute of Tropical Agriculture Library at Ibadan and the Federal Institute of Industrial Analysis Library, Oshodi, Lagos. Others, together with WATS Library, are on the verge of placing their automation plan into motion.
Automation can profit the Acquisition, Cataloging and Serial Departments within the following methods :
Acquisition : Automation might help in fund management in addition to in technology and dissemination of experiences. Listing of things, together with the accession checklist will also be printed.
3. Acquisition
Acquisition is usually outlined as “the method of acquiring books and different paperwork for a library, documentation middle or archive” (Prytherch 1986, 61). Incontrovertibly, it’s “some of the necessary capabilities of any library system” (Ali 1989, 66). Some technique of acquisition of library supplies embrace buy, donation, alternate, Authorized Deposit Laws and membership {of professional} organizations. In most libraries in West Africa, it’s noticed that
acquisition charges are grossly insufficient to help each instructing and analysis even when judged by minimal requirements accepted in developed international locations. Makes an attempt to alleviate the scenario with numerous types of support although intrinsically meritorious supply little hope for long run enchancment (Allen 1993, 232).
Donated supplies extensively inventory West Africa Theological Seminary Library. Since beggars will not be choosers, there’s a important proportion of dated publications. There are lots of studying supplies which aren’t even related to the final curriculum of the seminary. Weeding ‘undesirable’ inventory is an enormous downside to the library since there are not any appropriate replacements.
An often-overlooked technique of acquisition is membership {of professional} associations. If the library continues to distance itself from the skilled register of library establishments, it is not going to concentrate on present tendencies within the skilled which can negatively mirror on the kind and high quality of companies rendered.
4. Web connectivity
The WATS administration launched a letter on 2nd January 2005 saying a major discount (about 75%) of the web service offered on campus. This was attributed to the discount within the bandwidth which made it unimaginable to help all the previous work stations. A technological blow was dealt on the library cyber café because it fell prey to this resolution. College students have been suggested to make use of the cyber café on the bottom flooring. The seminary administration should help the library in its embryonic stage to judiciously embrace the brand new expertise. Alternatively, the theological librarians have a really essential function “to make sure that the ensuing use of computer systems and telecommunication and every other applicable expertise contributes in value efficient methods to the wants of scholarship and analysis since (they) have the experience in buying supplies in quite a lot of codecs and make them accessible for quite a lot of functions” (Simpson 1984, 38).
5. On-line assets
A web-based useful resource that was used at West Africa Theological Seminary (and which is extremely really helpful for different theological libraries in Africa) is the American Theological Library Affiliation (ATLA) Faith Index, helpful for accessing articles, opinions, essays, dissertations and monographs. Using databases, which overlap topic fields, that’s, interdisciplinary database looking out, is an typically over-looked side of on-line looking out.Customers of West Africa Theological Seminary Library shouldn’t have entry to an unbelievable quantity of on-line assets as a result of it isn’t subscribing to make use of these supplies. An instance of an important on-line useful resource is the On-line Laptop Library Centre (OCLC). This middle, a bibliographic utility based mostly in Dublin, Ohio is a worldwide digital data co-operative serving about 39,517 libraries in seventy-six international locations. It runs an On-line Union Catalog. There are roughly twenty eight million cataloguing data and the database (utilizing MARC tapes and different on-line enter knowledge for customers) gives reference companies and interlibrary mortgage, qualifying it in all probability because the world’s most complete database of bibliographic data that produces the First Search System by means of which a library can subscribe to 1000’s of educational {and professional} titles from about seventy publishers obtainable electronically.
6. Useful photocopier
Though the library has a photocopier, the machine is continuously out of order. This second hand machine must be changed to allow the library to realistically profit from its companies. The seminary administration even took a choice lately at hand over photocopying companies to a scholar who’s presently operating a greater enterprise.
7. Audio visible assortment
Audio visuals are non-paper based mostly data carriers. They’ve been launched into the library by means of advances in expertise. They’re referred to as audio-visuals as a result of they require auditory and visible appreciation. Considered one of their chief benefits is storing a considerable amount of data in a small house. Audio visuals embrace audio tapes, microforms, filmstrips, charts, slides, video tapes, tv and so on. A few of these attraction solely to the sense of listening to (audios), some solely to the sight (visuals) and others to each the auditory and visible senses (audio visuals). Though WATS library has acquired fairly just a few audio visible supplies, there’s must buy the required supporting equipments to make the audio visible assortment a actuality.
The seminary has been receiving a number of analysis instruments within the type of CD ROMS for a substantial interval. The library is but to make these obtainable to customers by putting in them in a practical pc.
8. Bindery
It’s true that “as soon as any merchandise is chosen for the gathering, the library guarantees to protect it” (Goodrum and Dalrymple 1985, 65). The absence of a bindery assortment throughout the library is adversely affecting the bodily situation of books. It should be borne in thoughts that since a good portion of library supplies are donated, many are acquired in a really poor bodily situation.
The bindery is also very instrumental in binding again problems with newspapers and journals to facilitate a comparatively simpler storage, retrieval and dissemination of data.
9. Consumer instruction
A serious weak spot of library apply is the failure to instruct customers in the usage of the library to one of the best benefit. From expertise, “surveys have proven that public use of such instruments as catalogues are minimal, largely as a result of they’ve by no means been proven how they function” (Jackaman 1989, 3). Many college students in WATS undergo the seminary with out a affordable grasp of fundamental library ideas. Because of this the one hour orientation performed initially of each semester is inadequate.
10. Serial assortment
Varied journals subscribed to by the library are chosen, ordered and acquired, processed and shelved by this assortment. It’s continuously checked to find out if there are any lacking points already due however haven’t been acquired in an effort to make such claims. This part additionally shares newspaper. The relevance of such a useful assortment within the library can’t be overemphasized. It’s unlucky that WATS library shouldn’t be subscribing to journals and this explains why there are various distinct gaps in periodical literature. The library is on the mercy of donors who usually ship journals at random.
Newspapers are immediately bought by the WATS administration and these are subsequently despatched to the library typically not on the day of buy. This defeats the aim of newspapers since they arrive late to the library. Offering current data should be the first concern for the library or data employee. Consequently, “forex ought to due to this fact be a requirement and never an choice” (Wilson 1993, 636).
11. Warmth within the library
The current warmth within the library is detrimental to the books since humidity is a menace to their survival. If not sprayed periodically, fungi simply develop throughout the pages and injury the writing. Many researchers are unable to remain for a substantial interval merely due to the discomfort brought on by a very popular surroundings.
12. Web looking out
When the library cyber café was functioning, person statistics of customers indicated that ninety p.c of those that used the Web did so to ship mails and chat with pals. The remaining ten p.c use it to conduct analysis and carry out different capabilities. The insignificant proportion that makes use of it for analysis functions closely depend on Google. A scholar and a library employees opined that they undertake the ‘google solely’ strategy as a result of they aren’t conscious of every other cite.
It’s noticed that “most customers find (data) by means of subscription-free serps corresponding to Google” (Harding 2004). This over-reliance is a severe limitation. The effectiveness of Google is assessed thus:
A current search on Google of ‘Historic Close to East’ resulted in over 150,000 outcomes. Whereas many of those are in all probability wonderful websites, many extra are in all probability not. The ETANA web site, apparently, doesn’t seem within the first 100 listings. Thus, the researcher who would profit from entry to ETANA however who doesn’t know of its existence will seemingly not stumble throughout it utilizing Google (Limpitlaw 2003, p.5).
It’s fairly unlucky that even lecturers are extremely proliferating reliance upon one web page (Google). The difficulty is that “if school researchers themselves are relying nearly solely upon Google, nonetheless, what number of of them are prone to encourage college students to develop their searches past Google, to not less than discover the assets and supplies their libraries preserve?” (Norlin 2004, 56). The library employees should be very instrumental in directing customers to many different related websites and free on-line libraries, as an example Africa Digital Library in South Africa. Persevering with schooling for the library employees should be inspired to allow them to be abreast of technological adjustments. It’s opined that “a profitable coaching program can also be depending on the dedication that high administration reveals for the coaching course of” (Martey 2002, 14). An incontrovertible actuality is that “librarians must know how one can entry and filter what is on the internet” (Rosenberg 1997, 15). Amongst a number of ideas to shake the evident frost off the African church in its theological mission, Tienou (1990) proffers the development of theological libraries, and (by implication), the theological librarians who intersperse between the knowledge and the person. The coaching of library employees and knowledge professionals may be very essential in dealing with the astronomically quick improvement that’s evident within the data age. It’s fairly unlucky that the theological librarians haven’t typically accompanied the introduction of Web service at West Africa Theological Seminary Library with a radical coaching on its use.
Indubitably, except … librarians obtain this employees coaching, there’s a hazard that the potential of this expertise for sourcing and repackaging for data switch will stay insufficiently exploited and that it’s going to not turn out to be built-in with extra conventional print-based library companies” (Asamoah 2003, 17).
13. Funding
It’s incontrovertible that “each good assortment is an expression of sufficient and sound monetary backing, and no assortment improvement can obtain this goal whether it is financially handicapped” (Alemna 1994, 47). Of their commentary on the problem within the discipline of librarianship, it’s noticed that “library funding will in all probability be the difficulty which consumes the power of library managers to the tip of this century (and the subsequent)” (Moore and Shander 1993, 19). WATS library should be realistically budgeted for whether it is to proceed to be the tutorial nerve middle of the seminary.
THE WAY FORWARD
Like Ato Yawson in Ama Ata Aidoo’s The Dilemma of a Ghost, the query is, shall WATS library go to Cape Coast (representing the standard) or Elmina (representing the trendy’)? Within the discipline of librarianship, a practical response lies “in preserving conventional companies and embracing the technological advances” (Harding 2002, 9).
The next are proffered for consideration to help WATS library to face the inescapable challenges:
1. Professionally educated employees
The library occupation is in crises. It’s noticed that “the necessity to discover and retain high quality management for libraries is a core subject for the long run” (Hisle 2002, 211). Library employees at WATS should be professionally educated. Acquisition of related library {qualifications} can’t be overemphasized. Related coaching should embrace use of software program functions. The trendy theological librarian is standing on a crossroad and should preserve a really helpful steadiness between conventional and trendy analysis strategies to be related on this data age. Substandard companies will proceed to be offered if employees are employed simply because they’re Christians with little emphasis on skilled coaching. Theological librarians want the form of coaching performed by ACTEA (Accrediting Council for Theological Training in Africa) East Africa Library Employees Coaching Institute in Daystar College in Kenya in July 2004. Untrained librarians want programs in cataloguing and classification, administration of the library and answering reference questions. Moreover, they need to obtain coaching in looking out the web, utilizing Boolean operators to seek the advice of full-text journals, accessing reference supplies on CD Roms, utilizing MARC, and compiling lists of necessary web sites and reference CDs.
Seminary, library, coaching, recruiting, librarians,
2. Scheme of service
So as to not make a continued mockery of the library occupation, it’s endorsed that the skilled pointers for the appointment and promotion of library employees in any respect ranges be drafted and carried out. The seminary administration may evaluate the scheme of service of a number of establishments in Nigeria and the sub-region as a information to fairly preserve the usual.
Positions which needs to be considered throughout the numerous classes embrace:
a. Junior employees
i. Messenger/cleaner
ii. Library attendant III
iii. Library attendant II
iv. Library attendant I
v. Library assistant I
vi. Library assistant II
vii. Library assistant III
b. Senior supporting employees
i. Trainee Librarian/Senior Library Assistant II / Admin. Assistant II
ii. Senior Library Assistant I / Admin.
c. Senior employees
i. Library Officer
ii. Librarian II
iii. Librarian I
iv. Senior Librarian
v. Deputy Librarian
vi. Head Librarian
The factors for scoring senior library employees needs to be considered. A few of these areas embrace :
Educational {and professional} {qualifications}
Skilled/working expertise
Skilled actions
Analysis and publications
Administrative expertise
3. Revamping of web companies within the library
The library cyber café should be resurrected if the library is to be related on this technological age. The library employees ought to obtain coaching that may allow them to creditably deal with databases of their library.
4. Consumer instruction
The library needs to be extra proactive in person schooling methods. Extra present consciousness or selective dissemination of data needs to be completed to draw college students and employees. A course on the usage of the library may very well be launched as a obligatory topic for all classes of scholars. It’s evident even in West Africa Theological Seminary that “librarians can now not assume the identical degree of curiosity in and help for the library from a school that more and more depend upon their very own search methods and skills in an digital world they’ll entry from their workplaces” (Norlin 2004, 56). Theological librarians should be fastidiously attuned to the considerations of the scholars and college. If librarians at WATS discharge professionalism in figuring out the issue of the researcher, looking for particular items of data effectively and expeditiously and transmits the results of the search by any handy means to each school and scholar customers (phone, e-mail, private name, quick letter to say just a few), the curiosity within the library as data middleman would steadily be revamped.
The library of West Africa Theological Seminary ought to spend a number of weeks providing “school solely” and “college students solely” coaching classes on the usage of American Theological Library Affiliation database (after paying the present subscription). An undeniable fact is that “except theological librarians consciously view the college (and college students) as the first goal for (their) actions, (they) would turn out to be irrelevant to…college students, school, directors and establishments” (Norlin 2004, 55).
5. The function of the seminary administration
Administration at WATS should acknowledge that the library shouldn’t be an non-compulsory additional and that the upcoming doctoral programme within the seminary will solely turn out to be a actuality when the library attains a selected skilled commonplace. Seminary authorities should help its progress by growing current collections (as an example, subscribing to scholarly journals for the serials assortment) and by aiding within the establishing of a vibrant Digital Library Assortment which needs to be manned by knowledgeable librarian. Offering server upgrades and disk space for storing should be significantly thought-about. There needs to be common in-service coaching to help library employees acquire related expertise in data expertise.
The difficulty of funding can’t be overemphasized. The WATS Library can solely be related on this data age if the seminary administration would acknowledge “the centrality of its educational nerve centre (the library) and make sure the sustainability of the library programmes and companies” (Harding 2002, 9). Introduction of person expenses, extra fund elevating actions within the library (corresponding to ebook gross sales), improve within the help from donor companies may yield a rise in earnings wanted to buy and preserve obligatory tools.
When the library is satisfactorily funded, will probably be able to subscribe to related journal titles, buy commonplace theological texts, construct a vibrant audio visible assortment, present air con amenities to manage the warmth, exchange the photocopier and supply different obligatory companies as and when obligatory.
Professionally educated employees, scheme of service, revamping of web companies within the Computerize, cataloging, acquisition, web, person instruction, audio visible, serial, bindery, funding, scheme of service,
6. Membership {of professional} organizations
WATS library ought to enroll as an institutional member {of professional} library associations corresponding to Nigeria Theological Library Affiliation, Christian Librarians’ Affiliation for Africa, American Theological Library Affiliation and Christian Librarians’ Fellowship. (The presenter is a member of all however the former). It was by means of the American Theological Library Affiliation that the creator was knowledgeable that the twenty second version of the Dewey Decimal Library (DDC) classification has been printed. (WATS is utilizing the 20 th version). The DDC numbers embrace all headings newly mapped to the 200 Faith Schedule, in addition to others thought-about to be of curiosity to theological libraries.
Under is an illustration:
Topic heading Name quantity
All Souls’ Day in artwork 704.9493943
Islamic modernism 297.09
Nymphs (Greek deities) in artwork 704.9489221
Open-air preaching 206.1, 251
Social capital (Sociology) ? Non secular points 201.7
Venus (Roman deity ) in artwork 704.9489221
(Osmanski 2003, 2-1)
7. Computerization
CONCLUSION
It’s indubitable that the function of the library as data middleman would by no means change. Nevertheless, the means to meet this invaluable function retains altering and the library should adapt to keep up its relevance. WATS library is a unit of a self-supporting establishment with a number of challenges. Conventional library practices should be absolutely developed and one of the best of recent expertise should be embraced. This excessive worth should be paid because the library journeys to ‘Cape Coast’. The seminary librarians have a significant problem to maneuver from being mere keepers of the ebook to guides by means of a universe of data, thereby enjoying a useful function as data middleman (Kargbo 2002). Because the mission of the library to facilitate the free circulation of data endures even within the midst of technological adjustments, the librarians in all sorts of libraries, together with WATS, “should discover a very helpful steadiness between the standard/conventional library capabilities and the strategies of the brand new challenges in an effort to preserve their management function in (the) data age” (Harding 2002, 10). Librarians in West Africa Theological Seminary may solely be related on this age in the event that they gear as much as possess the required expertise to allow customers to creditably use supplies for studying, research and session in no matter format they could seem. This can’t be realized with out the invaluable help of the seminary administration. With this realization, “the scholars will likely be taught the artwork of digital data retrieval, which they’ll use to jot down their mission work and thesis” (Asamoah 2003, 17).
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Source by Oliver Harding
